I now introduce the possibility of a divergence point (DP) into the model.
Much has been made about the way Apple has bravely bucked the trend by building a "convergence" device an appliance that melds many functions into one instead of pouring its prodigious energies into a "divergence" product that does one thing brilliantly, as it did so successfully with the iPod.
Given the rate of synonymous substitutions in grasses, estimated to be ~6.5 × 10-9 per site per year [ 75], the number of synonymous substitutions per site (dS) between the most divergent gene pair in a family can be converted into a divergence time, provided synonymous sites are not saturated (dS < ~1).
From a therapeutic perspective, such a divergence of effect translates into the balance between ingress and egress of monocytes into plaques requiring a cell-targeted approach, because systemic modulation of netrin-1 would exert an indiscriminate action on different cell types, resulting in opposing effects on atherosclerosis progression.
Geographical isolation causes a divergence of a species into different morphs.
The marginal posterior probability distribution of the divergence parameter, t, revealed a sharp peak at 0.477 (Figure 7), which converted into a divergence time of 0.758 MYA with the 90% HPD interval ranged from 0.599 to 0.953 MYA (Table 4).
The absence of CCS52B type genes in algae, P. patens and S. moellendorffii is interesting because these species are at the base of plant evolution where divergence into A-type and B-type has not occurred yet.
For the Homo - Pan divergence, this translates into a normal distribution with a mean of 6.5 mya and a standard deviation (SD) of 0.5 mya, for the separation of Pongo from the Homo/ Pan clade into a mean of 14.0 mya and a SD of 1.0 mya, and for the hominoid - cercopithecoid divergence into a mean of 23 mya and a SD of 2 mya.
The comparison showed that the glass capillary technique is designed to reduce a divergence of the beam extracted into the air by a beam-focusing effect.
Taking this into consideration, a divergence time of ∼180 Ma was calculated for two species of Ciona (Berná et al. 2009).
