It's the analog of an organizational culture, but without the directive authority or co-located social systems that traditional firms can take advantage of to manage their employees.
"President Clinton's assertion of directive authority over administration, more than President Reagan's assertion of a general supervisory authority, raises serious constitutional questions".
"We will issue a directive under the authority of the commissioner that enacts a minimum age," Sandy Alderson, executive vice president for baseball operations in the commissioner's office, said yesterday at the annual general manager's meetings in Tucson.
"A directive asking every local authority and every school to devise its own policy on the reading of books.
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini brought it to an end this month with a directive claiming that the authority of Islamic government has supreme validity, overriding even the Koran.
Contractors have immunity from prosecution under Iraqi law because of a directive issued by American occupation authorities in 2004.
The EU authorities agreed a directive earlier this year that said all residents should be given the opportunity to open a basic bank account, with fees that were fair, and allowing people the opportunity to switch providers.
That bill got nowhere, but when Mr. Ashcroft became attorney general in 2001, he issued a directive threatening doctors, claiming the very authority Congress had refused.
"The president's action is an affront to the process of representative government by circumventing Congress and with a directive he may not have the authority to execute," said Senator Charles E. Grassley of Iowa, the senior Republican on the Senate Judiciary Committee.
In 1989, European authorities first proposed a Directive on takeovers.
(Even revealing the contents of a directive can be dangerous for a Chinese reporter. Shi Tao, a contributor to the Contemporary Business News, is serving a ten-year sentence for describing a directive from his local propaganda authorities in an e-mail that he sent abroad).
