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The change from A-lines to B-lines, which defines septic shock in the FALLS-protocol, can be considered as a direct marker of clinical volemia.
By combining the cell cycle length predicted by the model with measurements of total cell population and mitotic rate, this approach facilitates the quantification of exit from this compartment without the need for a direct marker of that event.
A caveat to these assays is that we cannot prove that LRRK2 is active in these cells without a direct marker of LRRK2 phosphorylation, although we were able to extract LRKK2 and measure autophosphorylation activity ex vivo.
As can be deduced from EC50-values of Rac1-glucosylation (see Tab. 1), which is a direct marker of intracellular toxin action, the potency of TcdA lacking the CROPs differs less than 3-fold with respect to different cell types and species.
Results obtained have clearly shown that MVA-B infection induces a strong cytotoxic activity by stimulated CD8+ T lymphocytes (69.8% reduction of target cells), thus demonstrating that the combination of MDDC and MVA-B is able to destroy the main target cells where HIV replicates, which could be used as a direct marker of the efficacy of vaccine candidates [76].
Hence, the dp-ucMGP assay is a direct marker of vascular vitamin K status.
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TREM-1 amplifies infection-induced inflammatory response signals primarily through the mediation of adapter protein DAP12 on the cell surface [ 47]. sTREM-1, as the soluble form of TREM-1, released by activated phagocytes, may be a more "direct" marker of infection.
To examine a more direct marker of tissue inflammation we quantified ICAM-1 as it will be expressed by the vascular endothelium where leukocytes will bind ICAM-1 on the endothelial surface and transmigrate across the vascular endothelial and into tissues during the inflammatory process [ 40, 41].
Our results support the potential of white blood cells as a proxy tissue for studying insulin signaling and may lead to development of a minimally invasive and direct marker of insulin resistance.
Native T1 mapping shows elevated T1 values, which is an early indicator and direct marker of cardiac amyloid [40].
Detection of B19 virus DNA in serum is the best direct marker of active infection.
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