Arginase activation may also result from a direct interaction of trypanosome products on cells of the immune system causing the production of polyamines, which are essential for trypanothion synthesis, and therefore for the growth and survival of trypanosomes [25].
These findings suggest that responses of sensory fibres in lingual epithelia elicited by ACh may involve an interaction of ACh with epithelial cells rather than a direct interaction of ACh with receptors on sensory nerves.
Therefore, HIV virions that express CD40L induce AID expression in B cells, and this induction appears to be due to a direct interaction between CD40L on these viruses and CD40 on B cells.
We also demonstrate that FZDRs and Gαi come within close proximity of each other (∼10 nm based on FRET imaging studies) within these complexes, suggesting a direct interaction between them on the Daple platform.
Since the observed immune-modulatory effect was not based on CCR9-mediated tumor cell intrinsic signaling, nor mediated through soluble factors including CCL25, our data favor the assumption of a direct interaction between CCR9 on tumor cells and a yet unknown immune-modulatory ligand on T cells.
During late S/G2, telomerase is recruited to telomeres through a direct interaction between K78 on the TEN-domain of hTERT and E215 within the TEL-patch of TPP1.
Further investigation of cytokine expression by GIDIL2 and GIDIFNγ strains showed that while the cytokines were not secreted, they were expressed on the bacterial surface suggesting that their effect on macrophages could be through a direct interaction with their receptors on target cells.
Depletion of cell surface HS by the treatment of heparinase III was confirmed in flow cytometry and this depletion dramatically reduced the rGEP binding capacity of the cell line as well as the expression level of GEP on the cell surface, implicating a direct interaction between HS and GEP on the HCC cell surface.
Hruska and colleagues show that the synaptic localization and turnover of PSD-95 relies on a direct interaction with the trans-synaptic organizer ephrin-B3, which is negatively regulated by neuronal activity through MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of ephrin-B3.
