I'm not claiming a direct causation to marijuana legalization, but marijuana legalization certainly has not hurt Colorado.
In making determinations under this section, other than those described in paragraph (5)(A) as to the direct causation of a covered injury, the Secretary may only make such determination based on compelling, reliable, valid, medical and scientific evidence.
As Michaels points out in his book, it is scientifically impossible to prove direct causation of a health problem with absolute certainty.
She has eschewed the fiction of direct causation – that your low wages are the result of a cheaper foreigner – in favour of indirect causation: your wages are ratcheted down by your limited opportunities.
This is not to say that all extinction hypotheses are not science; many are excellent examples of good science, but a linkage of direct causation is a problem.
Like any committed determinist, Honderich is reluctant to ascribe any direct causation between the liberation of retirement and his upping the ante of philosophical debate.
(For related, but different, characterizations of direct causation along these lines, see Pearl, 2000 and Woodward, 2003) Fixing the other values of other variables means that each of these values are determined by separate processes, each meeting the conditions for an intervention, that are appropriately independent of each other and of the intervention that changes the value of X.
While there's no direct "causation" between using social media and identity fraud, the report found, the behavior of those participating is probably a factor.
For Wilson, the legal notions of direct causation are flawed when applied to cases of incitement, where speech is one factor among many and theories of multiple and indirect causation are more appropriate.
An important limitation of current evidence is the lack of direct causation.
Drawing a direct line of causation between Trump's rhetoric and the spike in hate crimes is difficult.
