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A direct assessment method was used in evaluating the achievement of the PO.
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The employment of an objective and direct assessment method of human piloerection, which does not require any interaction of the participant (Benedek et al., 2010), allows for an unbiased assessment of the physiological responses associated with emotional piloerection.
As such, the direct assessment method has been identified and deemed suitable to directly assessed specific students' knowledge during examination or through skills observation.
Specifically, this work reports the effort made by the Department of Electrical, Electronics and System, (EESE), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) to implement the direct assessment method to measure the PO achievement of its students.
Both models are coupled by replacing the conventional Manning method with a direct assessment of bed stress from the boundary layer using a k-ω model.
Importantly, we found that atypical MBCs do not actively secrete antibodies or differentiate into antibody-secreting cells when stimulated, thus precluding a direct assessment of their antigen specificity through conventional methods such as ELISA or ELISPOT.
Like some of the other minimally invasive methods discussed above, the NICO system does not provide a direct assessment of preload responsiveness.
The second piece is more a direct assessment.
What about a direct assessment, if it is possible?
To date, only one study permitted such a direct assessment.
Once developed, these exposure indices must be validated by using a more direct exposure assessment method such as biologic or environmental monitoring.
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