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Mothers with prenatal negative preconceptions were more likely to report a difficult temperament in their six-month-old.
Children may come into the world with a difficult temperament, but if the parents are not able to adapt, there can be a negative impact on healthy development.
In children, a difficult temperament (e.g. negative mood, lack of perseverance, inability to adapt to situations, readiness to be distracted, intense emotional reactions, hyperactivity and social withdrawal) is a risk factor if the child comes from a dysfunctional family (Cimbora and Mcintosh [2003], Hirshfeld-Becker et al. [2002]).
As a child, Victoria had a difficult temperament.
Some children experience prenatal distress which can contribute to a difficult temperament.
Accordingly, a child with a difficult temperament challenges parents so that she or he elicits non-optimal parenting, which in turn aggravates the child's behavior.
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All sub-scales are rated 1 7, a higher score indicating a more difficult temperament.
For example a child with an inherently difficult temperament would not elicit sensitive behavioural responses from a caregiver.
In these studies, when the baby was independently measured as being born with a relatively difficult temperament (eg fussy, irritable), abuse was more likely.
Compared with other children with disabilities, those with depressed mothers show more behavioural disturbance, poorer cognitive functioning, more insecure attachment, a more difficult temperament, and greater risk for developing depression when older (10).
Olson and colleagues [ 6] and Shaw and colleagues [ 7] demonstrated the interplay of individual and relationship factors in the pathogenesis of early childhood mental illness using a child's difficult temperament and negativity in the mother-child interaction to predict externalizing disorders.
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