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There is, to be sure, a difference of doses here.
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As such, the fact that absolute ultrafiltered volumes were comparable in both the less and more intensive patient groups makes it questionable whether there really was a difference of dose in the study by Vesconi and colleagues.
A trial of similar design, utilising the same duration and dose of paracetamol and with BHR testing to MCh as the primary outcome variable, based on the SD derived from this study, would require a sample size of approximately 650 to attain adequate power to detect a difference of 0.5 doubling doses.
Therefore to detect a difference of 1 doubling-dose in mannitol C5 13 subjects are required in each group to have 80% power at the 5% level.
A sample size of 60 in each group has 80% power at the 5% level of significance to detect a difference of one doubling dose in PC20 MCh between the groups, based on an SD of 1.9.
We calculated the number needed to find a difference of 60% in the dose of cisatracurium (in mg) with an alpha of 5% and a power (1-beta) of 90% to be 16 patients in each group.
Another argument is that a possible difference of 5.4 J/cm in total cumulative dose (95% confidence interval −5.2 to 16.0) corresponds to a difference of about 9 minimal erythema doses (95% confidence interval values correspond to −9 and 26).
We defined a 'high' difference in connectivity if a gene had a difference of ≥ 10 connections between dose 0 10 cGy and dose 0 100 cGy networks at a specific time point.
With a sample size of 35 patients per group we can detect a difference of at least 0.5 (SD 0.8) doses per 2 weeks between the groups.
With 50 patients per group, the study had ∼80% power to detect a difference of 35 percentage points between any dose of sarilumab and placebo using a two-sided test with α=0.01 due to the application of Hommel's procedure to adjust for multiplicity.
These discrepancies are probably related to the difference of dose and type of bisphosphonate used.
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