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It is therefore possible that the size of the respiratory deficient segment is due to factors other than the rate of clonal expansion, although the evidence of increased mitochondrial biogenesis in the presence of a respiratory chain defect (28) suggests it will have a role.
Another challenge when considering our results is the natural history of the respiratory deficient segments.
However, if we assume that these would be the same for long and short respiratory deficient segments then the lack of any evident difference in deletion size within an individual does not favour a greater rate of clonal expansion of the larger deletions.
Since each COX-deficient segment represents a different, clonal expansion event, we hypothesized that if smaller mitochondrial genomes replicate faster than larger genomes, COX-deficient segments would be larger in the presence of the smallest mtDNA molecule (Fig. 1).
The COX-deficient segment has been shown to be of variable length, ranging from <10 to >1000 μm (24).
Electron microscopy studies performed on zebrafish mutants lacking outer segments such as IFT mutants ift88 and ift172 have not found similar accumulation of vesicles despite complete lack of outer segments (9), indicating that accumulation of vesicles is not simply a consequence of deficient outer segment formation.
Therefore, vesicle accumulation is not simply a consequence of deficient outer segment formation, but is specific to loss of Cc2d2a function, thereby supporting a role for Cc2d2a in vesicle trafficking and fusion.
A deficient imagination is a great help as well.
Accusations like this often betray a deficient argument.
And me – instead of a deficient school-leaver, I'll look like a well-read sophisticate.
In the 100, he has been working to correct a deficient start.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com