Vitamin A deficiency, which affects about 100 million young children worldwide, was long known to cause blindness.
At the same time, the most recent available data indicate that more than two-thirds of children under five suffer from vitamin A deficiency, which affects growth, impairs vision and reduces resistance to a wide range of infections and diseases – such as measles, diarrhoea and acute respiratory infections.
Hearing loss is a major sensory deficiency, which affects audiological development and impairs the quality of life of those affected [ 1, 2].
Although the mechanism for this association remains elusive, some hypotheses have been proposed to explain it, including gain of function caused by GBA mutations, which increases α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation, loss of function due to lysosomal enzyme deficiency, which affects α-syn clearance, and even a bidirectional feedback loop, but each of these hypotheses has its limitations.
Stressful conditions to the testis such as MF exposure or induction of gonadotropin deficiency, which affects the early germ cell development and the reduced spermatogenesis, may not be reflected in reduced sperm counts in the ejaculate until months later.
Therefore, we first tested whether taurine, the most abundant endogenous ligand for glycine receptors during neocortical development (Agrawal et al., 1971), the deficiency of which affects cortical development in kittens (Palackal et al., 1986), has the same proneurogenic effect as selamectin.
Low income is a known risk factor for micronutrient deficiencies including Vitamin A deficiency which can depress immune function., Vitamin A deficiency has been shown to affect the immune response by decreasing the number of T and B lymphocytes, and by altering the innate immunity response via the mucosal epithelia, natural killer cells, macrophages and monocytes.
"It is a deficiency which should be resolved".
Primary carnitine deficiency (OMIM 212140), which affects between 1 : 37.000–1 : 100.000 newborn individuals, is an autosomal recessive disorder of fatty acid oxidation resulting from defective carnitine transport caused by mutations in carnitine transporter gene SLC22A5 [ 75] coding for OCTN2 transport protein.
Iron deficiency causes anaemia, which affects almost half of poor-country children and over 500m women, killing more than 60,000 of them each year in pregnancy.
TALDO deficiency results in a severe metabolic disturbance which affects foetal development and produces characteristic signs such as placental overgrowth, amniotic and foetal body fluid imbalance, and intrauterine growth retardation [ 1, 3, 6– 8, 11] Prenatally, our two patients with TALDO deficiency already presented intrauterine growth retardation, ascites and oligoamnios.
