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Or consider a default principle according to which the fact that an action would satisfy the agent's biological needs is sometimes a reason.
Suppose, for example, that we accept a default principle according to which the fact that an agent's culture demands something is sometimes a reason to do it.
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Hence for any default principle citing a patently absurd candidate reason (and whose consequent is not necessarily true) there will be possible instantiations of that principle in which the antecedent is true and the consequent is false.
Moreover, the objection continues, the reason LY is true carries over to any default principle.
Hence clause (b) in any default principle will always be false, which is enough to make the antecedent false and so enough to make the conditional trivially true.
And it is not many years since a French diplomat confessed in my hearing that, when in doubt, the view at the Quai d'Orsay was that French diplomacy should always be guided by the default principle of doing down the British.
The vacuity objection goes from the premise that every time a fact is not a moral reason there is some explanation for its failure to be a reason to the conclusion that the 'no further feature of the situation explains…' clause of the corresponding default principle will always be false whenever the fact in question is not a reason.
The default principle concerning patents is that they should be available for any invention, whether product or process, in all fields of technology without discrimination[ 6].
With this machinery in hand we are in a position to see how default principles might be helpful in crafting a version of the agent-relative/agent-neutral distinction that everyone (or just about everyone) can live with.
Cass R. Sunstein, "Cost-Benefit Default Principles" (John M. Olin Program in Law and Economics Working Paper No. 104, 2000).
These cost-benefit default principles are both legitimate and salutary, because they give rationality and sense the benefit of the doubt.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com