The reason for this increasing interest can be assigned both to the progress of the computing capacity, which is constantly reducing the processing time, and to developments in the natural language processing field, which allow a deeper processing of raw texts.
To ensure such a deeper processing of words in the EL condition as well, participants had to produce a sentence with the word.
These findings indicate that instructor-based and peer-oriented attention guidance functionalities offer students an indirect way of focusing their attention on deep processing of challenging concepts in an inherently open learning environment.
A great deal of research supports the conclusion that mastery goals promote a broad range of positive outcomes, including persistence, deep processing, and intrinsic motivation (Hulleman, Schrager, Bodmann, & Harackiewicz, 2010).
Although short and simple, values-affirmation writing tasks draw directly on students' experiences to actively engage each student as an individual (Yeager and Walton, 2011) and may promote deep processing to effect powerful results (Schwartz and Martin, 2004; Chase et al., 2009).
These aspects provide evidence in support of the idea that repetition is an important precursor to learning processes [ 52], as well as to Craik and Lockhart's [ 53] theory that deep processing promotes consolidation and inclusion in an associative knowledge network.
According to this theory, graphs enable users to extract information without engaging in deep processing by providing guidance, constraints and facilitations in cognitive processes.
For example, in the deep processing stage, the product was subdivided into more than 30 different processes, and some products were packaged in the process.
While various systems exist, students have difficulty with deep processing of complex instructional materials (e.g., concepts of a theory and pedagogical support mechanisms derived from a theory).
For change to occur, the tasks must promote deep processing, elaborative strategy use and reflection.
