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The scarcity of mates and pollinators can lead plant populations to suffer from pollen limitation and a decrease in reproductive performance within fragmented areas.
It is interesting to note that the C. elegans gene AGE-1, an upstream effector of DNA repair pathways, confers dramatically extended life span under free-feeding conditions but leads to a decrease in reproductive fitness under conditions of caloric restriction.
In animal models, circadian disruption is often associated with a decrease in reproductive performance.
Aging is an increase in intrinsic mortality and a decrease in reproductive rate with age (Rose, 1991).
Increasing the number of unrelated coinfections either selected for a decrease in reproductive output by the parasite (linear case), or had no effect on the ESS (exponential case).
A decrease in reproductive success may also be explained by density dependent effects; there was a greater number of spawners present in 2007.
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It has also been shown that the odour of mice can stimulate the production of hormones that cause a decrease in the reproductive capacity of other mice.
But he notes that others have not seen as dramatic a decrease in copepod reproductive success during diatom blooms elsewhere and warns that the Adriatic's heavy pollution may have enhanced the effect.
Both species showed a decrease in standardized reproductive success and an increase in brood failure within 1.5 km of the superpredator.
As a consequence, costs of donation and subsequent de novo synthesis of ejaculates can be detected via a decrease in female reproductive investment.
Therefore, we analyze the optimal memory pool size first in a cost-free scenario and second in a scenario where a bigger memory pool size is associated with a decrease in the reproductive success.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com