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During prolonged cultivation ex vivo, adult bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) undergo two probably interdependent processes, replicative aging and a decline in differentiation potential.
The maintenance of chromosomal balance (diploidy) is vital to a cell's DNA stability and loss is thought to herald a decline in differentiation with imbalance of many oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes.
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Given that MPCs undergo a decline in their differentiation and expansion capacity with physiological aging, identification of potential sources of MPCs easily accessible from young donors is currently of main interest for cell-based therapy.
However, aged hMSCs are prone to have a gradual decline in differentiation and proliferation potential with continual cell cycle divisions during in vitro culture.
We observed a rapid increase of GFP expression in all three conditions upon neural differentiation, and a decline in expression as the cells differentiated towards mature neurons (Fig. 2A).
For instance, dermal, hematopoietic and epidermal stem cells show a decline in autophagy-related proteins during differentiation; on the other hand, autophagy activity seems to be upregulated during differentiation of cardiac stem cells and neural stem cells.
For striatal NSCs, it means a decline in NSC numbers and neuronal differentiation.
Several studies have reported a decline in HSC functionality and a differentiation bias toward myelopoiesis with age.
It is also unclear if Oct4 expression in pig TE causes a decline in the control of TE differentiation or if there are other factors that are expressed in the Pnm TE that regulate TE differentiation.
In addition, with increasing age, dental stem cells underwent a decline in their capacity to perform neurogenic differentiation but an increase in their capacity to perform osteogenic differentiation in vitro [ 40, 41].
We have observed decline in differentiation capacity as satellite cells age in regenerating muscle [ 14].
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