Thus, C. neoformans can undergo a meiotic process, monokaryotic fruiting, that promotes recombinational repair in the oxidative, DNA damaging environment of the host macrophage, and this repair capability may contribute to its virulence.
For example, mutation of the p53 gene itself is not enough to confer stability and the WT protein can be stabilised by overexpression of the murine double minute (Mdm 2 or Mdm4 protein or by exposure to a DNA-damaging environment (Lane and Hall, 1997).
"A woman's handbag," Smith says, "is one of the most damaging environments for a phone".
The disposable hydrophones are intended for onetime use in such damaging environments as chemically contaminating fluids and high-amplitude (peak amplitude ∼100 MPa) shock wave fields, where the use of commercial membrane hydrophones is not recommended.
However, a priori, it would be expected that accumulated disadvantage would result in greater reductions in telomere length through longer-term exposure to more detrimental and damaging environments.
In this scenario, the role of T-cells is restricted to immunologic memory and a large number of lymphocytes within the neural retina is not required to cause the establishment of a damaging pro-inflammatory environment.
where α, γ, δ, β = s ε are positive parameters, τ is the delay in the production process, γ can be thought of as a proxy for measuring returns to scale of the production function, δ reflects a strength of a 'negative effect' caused by increasing concentration of capital and is determined by a damaging degree of natural environment or energy resources.
The CDK inhibitors flavopiridol and olomoucine also protected the neurons from these conditions, suggesting that these cell cycle elements might mediate death signalling as a result of DNA-damaging environments [ 4].
We used budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a system to study such trade-offs in growth, in favorable, oxidizing, and DNA-damaging environments.
Macrophages generally hone to mitochondria-damaging environments in response to inflammation, infection, would repair, and tumorigenesis [ 37, 38, 126, 128, 170].
