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More characteristic, including of Costello himself at his best, was a critical intensity, a ruthless and creative anatomy of problems, individual and collective, coupled with skepticism about the possibility of solutions.
One lawmaker, Paul Rübig, who was a sponsor of the original roaming price controls that took effect in 2007, said that the momentum to end roaming fees had reached a critical intensity in Brussels.
Effective interventions need to have a critical intensity level and be targeted at the appropriate sub-population".
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They found that a successive switch process (i.e., "on" → off" → on", which we call the reentrance transition or twice switch) occurs with increasing the noise intensities, and a critical noise intensity exists at which the mean first passage time of the switch process is the largest.
When the nanoparticle concentration is lower than the critical concentration at a certain ultrasonic intensity or the ultrasonic intensity is higher than the critical intensity at a certain nanoparticle concentration, the supercooling degree ratio R4 of water will fall into the negative zone, and conversely it will fall into the positive zone.
Unlike the air-backed condition, water-backed condition affects the damage and deflection of the sandwich structure in a different way because of the critical intensity of impulsive loads.
The corresponding fracture criterion defines a critical stress intensity factor, which increases with the characteristic length in torsion.
In this paper, a critical stress intensity factor (SIF) derived from a corrosion-crack correlation model is proposed to improve the traditional ECA for steel structures in seawater.
Transition of fracture mode from transgranular ductile fracture to cleavage-dominated fracture occurs beyond a critical stress intensity factor range of approximately 21MPa√m, leading to the catastrophic failure under ultrasonic fatigue.
Two types of plate are considered: (i) a plate containing a distribution of flaws such as pores, for which a stress-based fracture criterion is appropriate, and (ii) a plate containing a single dominant crack aligned with the through-thickness direction, for which a critical stress intensity factor criterion is appropriate.
Global thresholding identifies all roots above a critical pixel intensity as part of the root and all other pixels as background.
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