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The wall's external stability under static conditions is addressed and modeled as a series system with correlated failure modes.
A benchmark rock slope and a real engineered rock slope with multiple correlated failure modes are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Two different correlated failure events are evaluated as a series system defined based on the Classification Society Rules wastage allowance and ultimate strength estimated for the two corrosion wastage models.
Nevertheless, as previously discussed (most recently at Digital Preservation 2012), a large part of risk mitigation for digital assets is to diversify against sources of correlated failure.
Random effect models have been used successfully in the analysis of correlated failure times.
The approach assumed that there exists a common and unobserved latent variable, also called frailty, that characterizes the relationship or dependence of the correlated failure times [ 11].
The outcomes of the stratified log-rank test (1), the modified log-rank by Schoenfeld and Tsiatis for highly stratified data (2) and the Cox model with sandwich variance that accounts for stratified data with possibly correlated failure times (3) are reported.
We also investigate the risk posed by correlated failures among generators, a risk traditionally not modeled by system planners.
Given the high complexity and scale of backbone networks, multiple correlated failures can have a devastating impact on topological connectivity, which in turn can cause widespread "end-to-end" connection-level disruptions.
For example, initially there were painful tradeoffs with careful data locality and placement of servers connected to the same top of rack switch versus correlated failures caused by a single switch failure".
The modeling approach therefore promotes design and optimization studies to ensure that a network will be highly reliable despite correlated failures.
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