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The researchers dealt with this potential bias by inserting a control question on ear-buzzing, for which the rates of the two groups were the same.
"It's a control question," Twiddy says.
Secondly, there was a control question: "How long ago was this media usage event?".
The cohort who did the laboratory activity scored significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the cohort who did the literature review, while no significant difference between the cohorts was found on a control question (p < 0.05).
Think of something mentally stressful when answering a control question -- like the time when you were a kid and your dog was hit by the train.
While participant time (to answer a control question) was just over 20 minutes, this was only for the 40% of questions where the participant chose to try to answer the question.
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The average time for JIT librarians to provide a response all questions was 13.68 minutes/question (95% CI, 13.38 to 13.98) and the average time for participants to respond to a control questions was 20.29 minutes/question (95% CI, 18.72 to 21.86).
Under a federal statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b), the judge must determine that the decision allowing the case to proceed "involves a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation".
It's a risk that Obama himself did not take when facing re-election in 2012, memorably responding to a gun control question during a presidential debate with Mitt Romney not long after the Aurora movie theater shooting by focusing on the need to enforce current laws and keep guns away from the mentally ill.
The intended target population for this study was defined as people who consider themselves part of a family, community or culture in which consanguinity is a common tradition (this was a first control question in the questionnaire).
A trick control question was added for the reliability of the test responses (Oppenheimer et al. 2006).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com