Population slowdown following the end of the LGM may have occurred by an extinction of local or island populations owing to a reduction in suitable habitats and formed the contemporary pattern of geographic distribution.
While there is no contemporary pattern of geology or climatology that can provide a mechanism for this divergence, the region has experienced multiple climate shifts and continual forest change so divergence may have involved a past habitat restriction and vicariance event.
To investigate the contemporary pattern of hybridization we sampled and genotyped 320 offspring from a natural mixed forest comprising four species of the European white oak complex: Quercus robur, Q. petraea, Q. pubescens, and Q. frainetto.
Considering that Tertiary relicts constitute an important floristic component in the Northern Hemisphere, we wanted to better understand the contemporary pattern of population-level variation for seed and seedling traits in a macroecological context.
By this view, the contemporary pattern of male aging is the result of antagonistic, selective forces.
This reflects a combination of historical and contemporary patterns of gene flow in the core genome but it is difficult to differentiate single large recombination events from frequent smaller ones.
Taken together, these findings show how fundamental socioeconomic and demographic characteristics contribute to subsequent marital outcomes via their influence on trajectories of marital quality as well as providing a better picture of the complexity in contemporary patterns of marital quality.
Contemporary patterns of diversity reflect a combination of persistence of some major ancestral lineages that presumably diverged during the Pleistocene, recolonization (and subsequent mixing) from glacial refugia, and in situ evolution during the Holocene.
While both taxa show patterns of NRY and mtDNA variation that are consistent with patrilocality, these studies do not provide a direct link between well-characterized migration histories and contemporary patterns of genetic variation.
Labelling regulations have been adopted in many countries experiencing a population-wide 'nutrition transition' from traditional diets to contemporary patterns of food consumption (4, 8).
They contribute to a better understanding of the processes involved in the development of contemporary patterns of variation, including the regional contraction and expansion of populations and refugia (Nevill et al. [2014]).
