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The phylogenetic context described here is more akin to a protein design perspective, as the structure of the protein is assumed constant during evolution, representing a constraint under which the sequence is evolving.
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This difference is found to be statistically significant and is indicative of a stronger selective constraint under which GCO genes are evolving in Salmonella.
Michel Manoll: All writers complain of the constraint under which they work and of the difficulty of writing.
Not all places of biological interest will be designated for biodiversity conservation: this is the fundamental constraint under which conservation biology operates.
Furthermore, the smaller the dN/dS ratio, the greater the selective constraint under which the two genes have evolved.
As is well known for protein sequences [ 21- 23], we expect the pattern of evolution in transcription factor binding sites to reflect the particular patterns of constraint under which they function; important regions or residues should be constrained, while unimportant positions may show fixed changes.
Ausden makes a virtue out of the constraints under which her team labours, not least the lack of production money.
A recent paper* describes the constraints under which Russia's post-communist businesses work, and the logical, if pernicious, outcome.
In each case, the institutional, historical, and political constraints under which a President must operate mean that the solutions — or, if there are no solutions, the ameliorations — are doomed to be nearly as messy as the problems.
The proposed theory of receptive fields can be seen as describing basic physical constraints under which a learning-based method for the development of receptive fields will operate and the solutions to which an optimal adaptive system may converge to, if exposed to a sufficiently large and representative set of natural image data.
The dual system furthermore offers a systematic approach toward understanding the dynamical constraints under which the system operates.
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