Subsequent confocal imaging revealed a consistent dual hindbrain spinal origin of pectoral motoneurons in actinopterygians.
Consistent with a fetal-origin-of-disease hypothesis, we look for prenatal factors in the intrauterine environment using umbilical cord blood plasma samples.
Although our data are most consistent with an origin of TRIMCyp in the common ancestor of Asian macaques, we have also considered several alternative hypotheses.
These observations are consistent with an origin of these ORFs by lateral gene transfer, but further sequencing and phylogenetic analyses are required to test this hypothesis.
The ML estimate of phylogeny for the mature inhibin/activin protein is consistent with an origin of three major β-subunit clades (corresponding to the mammalian βA, βB, and βC/βE groups) early in vertebrate evolution (Fig. 1B), probably during the WGD [29] (Fig. 1A).
Our phylogeny is consistent with an origin of the inhibin α-subunit prior to the divergence of vertebrates and cephalochordates (Fig. 2B), and the duplication leading to the vertebrate α- and β-subunit families could be even more ancient (Figs. 1C and 1D).
T2R sequence identities can exceed 90% in pairwise comparisons, and the same holds true for pairwise comparisons of V1R sequences (cf. Additional file 1), consistent with an origin of such genes by recent gene duplications.
These results are consistent with a neomorphic origin of an ancestral A-Myb/c-Myb gene from a duplicated B-Myb-like gene.
Our data are also more consistent with a peninsular origin of Dravidian speakers than a source with proximity to the Indus and with significant genetic input resulting from demic diffusion associated with agriculture.
Together with other characters these data are consistent with a common origin of arcuate bodies and central complexes from an ancestral modular midline neuropil but, depending on the choice of characters, the protocerebral bridge or the central body shows closer affinity with the arcuate body.
Several phylogenomic studies have supported the classical scenario in which sponges (Porifera) are the sister group to all other animals ("Porifera-sister" hypothesis), consistent with a single origin of the gut, nerve cells, and muscle cells in the stem lineage of eumetazoans (bilaterians + ctenophores + cnidarians).
