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Whether compulsive and impulsive behaviors are a cause or a consequence of these disorders is a matter of some debate.
We also neglected indirect costs, such as those related to special education or additional years of schooling for children as a consequence of these disorders, as well as intangible costs.
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Assuming we find differences between cases and controls on neuropsychological/imaging variables, we will not be able to determine whether these differences reflect a risk factor or a consequence of the disorder.
Although increases in glia activation and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been observed in individuals with ASD, it is unclear whether these phenomena contribute to the cause, or are a consequence of the disorder (Cohly and Panja, 2005).
Consistent reductions in hippocampal volume have e.g. been reported in major depression, as a predictive factor rather than a consequence of the disorder [12].
These difficulties may predate the eating disorder or they may have a more recent onset and indeed be a consequence of the disorder.
As a consequence of this disorder, patients typically manifest concerns such as gait problems, urinary continence and cognitive decline.
However, the smaller left amygdala volume may either stand for a higher vulnerability to develop a phobic disorder or emerge as a consequence of the disorder.
As a consequence of these hurdles, the study of rare monogenic disorders, for many of which the genetic causes have been successfully identified in the past, is often said to be a good prerequisite for the understanding of complex disorders since they may show phenotypic overlap with common health problems [ 3].
Thus, the impaired language observed in patients with FOXP1 disruptions could be a secondary consequence of these disorders.
As the average anxiety score among the PSS cohort is low, it is unlikely that the increased COMPASS total score is a consequence of anxiety disorder in these patients.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com