The causes and consequences of fluctuating genotype and phenotype frequencies in host-parasite, host-parasitoid and predator-prey interactions [ 4] are increasingly well understood at least in two-species systems, but direct empirical evidence of long-term dynamics is rare [ 5], not at least because long-term dynamics are inherently difficult to measure [ 6, 7].
This is not surprising since a large number of miRNAs shows distinct expression patterns that are often fluctuating as a consequence of their multi-functional roles [ 41, 42].
While the population mean phenotype follows the moving optimum, generation-to-generation rates of phenotypic change in haldanes fluctuate as a consequence of nonselective factors such as genetic drift, environmental variance and fluctuations in the phenotypic variance.
Moreover, burial totals fluctuated as a consequence of the London market in burial spaces, and so the infant mortality rates calculated here are unreliable as a guide to the real trends in death rates.
This may be a consequence of adaptation by microbial populations to constantly fluctuating salinities resulting from the dynamic mixing of seawater and freshwater.
E170, as a consequence of mutation, remains as a free negative charge fluctuating on the LOX-1 surface, influencing the electrostatic potential generated by the arginines of the basic spine.
Vibrational states are, in turn, fluctuating for each molecule, ultimately as a consequence of quantum uncertainty.
The first is fluctuating asymmetry, where the breaking of symmetry is a consequence of developmental 'noise' and lacks a strict genetic basis.
This source corresponds to a fluctuating force acting on the fluid as a consequence of the vortex shedding.
