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When regulatory interactions are considered using protein interactions matching binding sites, it has been shown that the abundance of some well-known motifs (such as feed-forward loops) is largely a consequence of duplication and divergence (Cordero and Hogeweg 2006).
The latter scenario is possible as a consequence of duplication events, under a model of subfunctionalization.
It can also be a consequence of duplication followed by in-frame fusion, resulting in tandem duplications.
The bridging edge is an evolutionary novelty created as a consequence of duplication, possibly but not necessarily associated with ancestral proteins prone to homodimerisation.
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These data reinforce the intepretation that the TSP-3, TSP-4 and TSP-5 genes have evolved as a consequence of duplications of the same ancestral genomic region.
The tRNA rearrangements are generally considered to be a consequence of tandem duplication of part of mitogenome, followed by random and/or nonrandom loss of duplicated copies [ 37- 39].
All of which suggest that the existence of gene family members in chordates is a consequence of genome duplication events in the vertebrate lineage during evolution and that gene duplicates are an essential source of organism diversity.
The emergence of two 8-barrel enzymes involved in histidine biosynthesis, each of which has a twofold symmetric structure, has been proposed to be a consequence of tandem duplication and fusion of a 4-half-barrel.
In other vertebrates and mammals the number of functionally active loci varies, as a consequence of gene duplication and suppression events [4].
For example, four CERV-K where found on the Y chromosome, three of which were found within an apparently low complexity repeat region, as a consequence of DNA duplication (i.e., CERV-K "Y chromosome quartet" in Figure 1).
This phenomenon is not merely a consequence of tandem duplication.
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