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In Intention, she criticised the way philosophers since Descartes have had a conception of knowledge, even knowledge of one's own actions, as "incorrigibly contemplative", passive, speculative.
At this point a conception of knowledge is obtained which Hegel called the Begriff, or idea that is free of the aforementioned Kantian oppositions and thus suitable for producing a "first philosophy": a doctrine of essences that accurately captures the rational structure of reality.
He contrasted the conception of knowledge as "accuracy of representation" (which he rejected) with a conception of knowledge as the "social justification of belief" (1979: 170).
The purpose of this study is to promote a conception of knowledge, based on subjectivity that defines the concrete value of an aesthetic education.
If, in contrast, we have a conception of knowledge that incorporates into the very state of knowledge the way that the knowledge was acquired, then, Zagzebski argues, we can avoid this problem.
It is well known that, on Reid's analysis, Hume's skepticism derives in large part from his implicit subscription to the "way of ideas", a conception of knowledge and experience that finds its origins in Descartes, Malebranche and Locke, and its most dramatic exposition in Berkeley who, though no skeptic, "proved by unanswerable arguments what no man in his senses could believe" (Reid 1997: 20).
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Instead, he develops a conception of human knowledge appropriate to the new science while retaining scientia as an ideal.
Locke's great epistemological contribution to philosophy is a conception of human knowledge suitable for the experimental science of his day, one that in natural philosophy at least will replace the old, Aristotelian conception.
Two reasons to think that Philo did adopt this approach are, first, that it yields a conception of ethical knowledge that fits the epistemology of the Roman Books — a Philonian rational agent will have the sort of wisdom and happiness that is available to ordinary people, i.e. something quite unlike the illusory promise of inerrant knowledge and moral perfection promised by the Stoics.
Prior to evaluating any reduction of one body of knowledge to another, a conception of those bodies of knowledge and what it would mean for them to be "reduced" must be explicated.
Arguably, this preoccupation with having the right kind of certainty — including its being available to introspection — is linked with his commitment to an internalist conception of knowledge.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com