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Therefore, we can conclude that a common method bias did not likely distort the main results of our study.
Thus, we adopted the marker variable approach (Rönkkö and Ylitalo 2011) to test whether a common method bias confounded our results.
Because the data for both independent variables and dependent variables was collected using a single instrument (a survey), we conducted a common method bias test to determine if a method bias was affecting the results of our measurement model.
Furthermore, the collection of personal statements and reports on potential risk factors could lead to a "common method bias".
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This creates a common methods bias and makes it difficult to draw conclusions about causality.
Since we used a subjective measure of health and social capital, there is a possibility of common method bias.
In particular, measuring all variables through a self-administered questionnaire and using single respondents may pose a risk of common method bias (CMB) and lead the relationships between constructs to be overestimated, such that basic precautions must be taken to minimize this risk [ 66].
The one-factor model also provides a test for common method bias (Podsakoff, et al., 2003).
Since this study uses subjective measures for dependent and independent variables, there is a risk for common method bias which results from the fact that the respondents provide these measures by a common rater (Podsakoff et al. 2003).
Negative affectivity that may act as a source of common method bias (CMB) can substantively influence the relationship between stressors and psychophysical strain [ 54, 55].
Second, we used a subjective measure of health and social capital, and therefore there is a possibility of common method bias which may have resulted in bias away from the null.
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