After adjusting for potential confounders, increasing NO2 concentrations remained significantly associated with increasing frequency of limited speech due to wheezing, coughing without a cold, and nocturnal awakenings due to cough, wheeze, and shortness of breath or chest tightness during the daytime and while running.
Figure 2 shows that declining levels of PM10 were associated with declining prevalence of chronic cough, bronchitis, common cold, nocturnal dry cough, and conjunctivitis symptoms.
This may be explained by background levels of CO, higher emissions when vehicles are cold, nocturnal inversions, and stable atmospheric conditions.
In a separate Swiss investigation following children from nine Swiss communities between 1992 and 2001, declining concentrations in ambient PM10 was associated with improved respiratory health (reduced incidence of chronic cough, bronchitis, common cold, nocturnal dry cough and conjunctivitis symptoms; Bayer-Oglesby et al. 2005).
Mothers' concerns regarding air pollution and children's respiratory health were significant predictors for reported bronchitis, common cold, nocturnal dry cough, conjunctivitis symptoms, wheeze, and asthma, whereas the number of cold days was not significantly associated with reported symptoms and diseases (data not shown).
Without adjustment for the temporal trends of mothers' beliefs (on individual level) and number of cold days (on area level), the effect estimates were slightly stronger for chronic cough, common cold, nocturnal dry cough, and conjunctivitis symptoms and reached significance for wheeze (data not shown).
Both the absolute and relative declines were stronger for the nonallergic outcomes chronic cough, bronchitis, common cold, nocturnal dry cough, and conjunctivitis symptoms (4.5 8.9% absolute decline of prevalence, on average, across the nine regions) compared with the allergy-associated end points sneezing during pollen season, asthma, and hay fever (0.4 1.7%).
When a nocturnal low-level jet forms overnight above the Earth's surface ahead of a cold front, significant low level vertical wind shear can develop near the lower portion of the low level jet.
Or a cold, cold, cold, cold prickly?
He predicted a cold, cold winter.
