In January 1999, the Quality Assurance Agency (a UK body which sets standards in higher education) introduced a code of practice for research degree programmes.
Fundamentally revising or abandoning the technology was not seriously considered; rather, the European Commission launched a Code of Conduct for research in the field after an extended public hearing.
However, the recognition of the need for a code of ethics governing research emerged after World War II with the discoveries of the so-called medical experiments carried out by Nazi physicians working in death camps.
Since the Helsinki Declaration was introduced in 1964 as a code of practice for clinical research, it has generally been agreed that research governance is also needed in the field of public health and health promotion research.
One influential response to the cruelty of Nazi experiments was the Nuremberg Code of research ethics, which stipulated, "The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential" (Faden and Beauchamp 1986, 156).
The research assistants signed a code of conduct and terms of reference stipulating the standards expected.
While a Code of Research Ethics has previously been developed for participatory research, [ 31] this was not intended to be imposed on all research; rather to be individually developed for different projects [ 32].
For instance, in syllabus No. 13, the instructor asks students to adhere to the ethical codes of research by stating: Your written assignment must comply with the requirements of the APA Style Sheet, the 6 th edition, published in 2010.
In this aspect, the narratives can highlight to the learner the background to the development of the various codes of research conduct or reports such as the Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Helsinki, Belmont report and set a yardstick to be measured against their understanding of the history of biomedical research ethics.
This understanding was part and parcel of the intrinsic code of futures research, encapsulating the principle of cybernetics as a method for transgressing the boundaries separating episteme and techne [39 Hagner p 38 9].
For increased protection of more important layers over error-prone wireless links, the advantages of the UEP forward error correction (FEC) coding are demonstrated in a number of research studies [21 23].
