For example where research culture is relatively nascent it may make more sense to focus on developing smaller more closed collaborations, so long as these collaborations are encouraged to expand and diversify over time.
As the exhibit "The Four Ways to Collaborate" shows, there are four basic modes of collaboration: a closed and hierarchical network (an elite circle), an open and hierarchical network (an innovation mall), an open and flat network (an innovation community), and a closed and flat network (a consortium).
Wieland and colleagues have recently published a working definition of CAM for the Cochrane Collaboration, consisting of a closed list of therapies and products (e.g. the superseding topics: alternative medical systems, natural product-based therapies, energy therapies, manipulative and body-based methods, and mind-body interventions) that were deemed relevant to be classified as CAM [ 12].
In contrast, the systems built by our lab exploit the possibilities of domain-specific, collaboration-in-the-small where a "closed world assumption" holds.
To collect EBC in young children a special system is designed in close collaboration with the Department of Instrument Development Engineering & Evaluation of the MUMC [ 19]. Figure 3 shows a schematic representation of this closed glass condenser.
"We need to know what we're breathing in a closed environment," says JPL microbiologist Kasthuri Venkateswaran, who led a collaboration that included investigators from two NASA space centers, three universities, and a biotech company.
One of the biggest barriers to social collaboration is a disconnect between aspirations to become collaborative and the reality of being a closed organization.
Furthermore, a closed ICU staffing model may more readily foster an interdisciplinary team-based approach to critical care with enhanced coordination, communication, and collaboration, which have been associated with improved patient outcomes [ 9].
A closed railway has reopened.
