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The ability of nicotine to attenuate the impairment supports the development of nicotinic agonist therapy of syndromes, such as Alzheimer's disease, that involve a chronic decrease in the activity of the alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptors and memory impairment.
Therefore, we speculate that perturbation of Gravin-mediated signaling events during mitosis may promote a chronic decrease in organization of the seminiferous tubules with concomitant impairment of reproductive viability.
A chronic decrease of the glucose concentration in the medium is associated with a substantial reduction in the thickness of the viable rim of cells and with a persistent increase in the cellular respiration rate.
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As shown in Fig. 1, panel A, chronic alcohol ingestion decreased Nrf2 gene expression, as reflected by mRNA levels, by approximately 80% decreased (p < 0.05) in the whole lung compared to control-fed mouse lungs.
It represents the consequence of an acute or, more commonly, chronic decrease or blockage in the colonic blood supply, which may be either occlusive or non- occlusive in origin.
METHODS: We modeled in rats the cognitive effects of chronic decrease in hippocampal alpha7 or alpha4beta2 receptors with 4-week continuous bilateral local infusions of the alpha7 nicotinic antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA) or the alpha4beta2 antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine (DHbetaE).
Previous studies in a rat model have shown no correlation between induction of apoptosis in the salivary gland and either the immediate or chronic decrease in salivary function following γ-radiation treatment.
The risk of developing a chronic infection decreases with age [ 37, 38].
Europe 28 : The risk of developing a chronic disease decreased progressively as the number of healthy factors increased, after adjusting for age, sex, educational status, and occupational status.
A possible explanation for the apparently preserved FMD response in deconditioned vessels may relate to up-regulation of smooth muscle cell sensitivity to NO, possibly initiated as a counter-regulatory response to chronic decreases in endothelial shear stress and down-regulation of eNOS in the deconditioned vessels.
As an example, we now know that one of the greatest causes of sudden cardiac death is due to chronic decreased vagal tone leading to an increase in heart-rate variability.
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