The underlying assumption is that any character shared by the majority of eukaryotes and five diverse prokaryotic species is the ancestral state, whereas the deviating species possess a derived state (fig. 2 A ).
The assumption is that any character shared by the included five diverse prokaryotic outgroup species and the majority of eukaryotes is the ancestral state, whereas the deviating species possess a derived state (fig. 2 A ).
The assumption is that any character shared by the included 10 diverse prokaryotic outgroup species (P1,..., P10) and the majority of eukaryotes is the ancestral state, whereas the deviating species possess a derived state.
The RGC_CAM analysis was performed under the assumption that any character shared by the included major eukaryotic lineages (plants, animals, fungi, and Apicomplexa) is the ancestral state whereas the deviating species possess a derived state.
The assumption is that any character shared by the majority of eukaryotes and the 10 diverse prokaryotes (the outgroup) is the ancestral state, and accordingly, the species with a substitution in the given position possess a derived state (one, two or three nucleotide substitutions are allowed, Figure 1).
A synapomorphy is a trait or character shared by sister taxa of a clade that was derived from a previous common ancestor but not shared by taxa from another clade.
In fact, there is evidence suggesting that Mb deficit may be an ancestral character shared by five Acanthopterygii families containing hundreds of species.
Our study suggests that proturan mtDNAs do not agree with the " cox1-trnL2-cox2" pattern, which was thought to be an important character shared by hexapod and crustacean groups.
Regardless of length, such occurrences were coded as a single, binary character, shared by two or more taxa when they show overlap.
Novick and Catley (2010) assessed a variety of tree-thinking skills (e.g., identifying the character shared by two taxa, evaluating evolutionary relatedness, determining whether a set of taxa is monophyletic) in college students using both tree- and ladder-formatted cladograms that included synapomorphies.
