An alternative explanation to a cause-relationship between age and OA could be accumulation of micro damage due to exposure of joint load over a lifetime period.
It is possible that SCC of the rectum is associated with HPV infection as well, but there are no firm evidences for a cause or relationship between infection with HPV and SCC of the rectum [10,11].
You also do not note the Institute of Medicine's authoritative review of the literature, which concluded that there is no evidence for a causal (A causes B) relationship between mold and any human disease.
However, randomised controlled trials are deemed to be the most rigorous method to determine the presence of a cause-effect relationship between an intervention and outcome, and therefore the highest quality of evidence for a systematic review [ 55, 56].
Since all the studies had a cross-sectional design, a cause-effect relationship between migraine and increased arterial stiffness cannot be established.
We did not estimate primary production or food availability, so the above proposed relationship is speculative for the Tropidurinae but provides a likely explanation for a cause-effect relationship between clutch size and climate in this taxon.
This is a massive misinterpretation of data, because there is no experiment showing a cause-effect relationship between looping and gene activity, only a correlation.
Another possibility is that this association represents only an epiphenomenon since, in our study, a cause-effect relationship between polymorphism and mortality was not established.
For example, if your hypothesis states a cause-effect relationship between two variables, your null hypothesis will state that there is no cause-effect relationship between the same two variables.
Our study thus demonstrates a cause-effect relationship between LA and peroxynitrite or protein nitrotyrosylation and provides a novel mechanism for lipid-induced nephropathy in diabetes.
A cause-effect relationship between physical activity level and mortality was demonstrated by a prospective study in Harvard College Alumni (13).
