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Although the results of the studies reviewed do not establish a cause effect relationship between football-related head injury and neurodegenerative disorders, a growing body of research supports the hypothesis that professional football players are at an increased risk of neurodegeneration.
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Our findings for learning gains, in contrast, do not support a cause-effect relationship between these variables.
Since all the studies had a cross-sectional design, a cause-effect relationship between migraine and increased arterial stiffness cannot be established.
We look for establishing a cause-effect relationship between some specific factors and the human perception of smells from our family of controlled experiments.
Descriptive studies cannot prove that there is a cause-effect relationship between a risk factor and a given outcome: adjustment for confounders like volume of RBC transfusion and administration of other blood products can be done, but a possibility always remains that unknown confounders play a role.
With little data on how much excreted and dumped medicines are in the environment, and even less showing a cause-effect relationship between an active ingredient and an adverse effect, researchers, health and environmental agencies, and water-quality regulators have been playing hot potato with the question for decades.
Our study thus demonstrates a cause-effect relationship between LA and peroxynitrite or protein nitrotyrosylation and provides a novel mechanism for lipid-induced nephropathy in diabetes.
However, Amir et al. and Watts and colleagues did not directly investigate a cause-effect relationship between good auditory skills and accurate singing.
We also found that oxidative muscles produce more NO than glycolytic muscle and exhibit attenuated atrophic responses following endotoxin challenge (Fig. 2A), raising the possibility of a cause-effect relationship between NO and muscle protection.
These results fall short of conclusively proving a cause-effect relationship between GATA-4 expression, IGF-1 secretion and the protective effects of the c-kitpos cCSCs on adult cardiomyocytes.
We did not estimate primary production or food availability, so the above proposed relationship is speculative for the Tropidurinae but provides a likely explanation for a cause-effect relationship between clutch size and climate in this taxon.
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