In the absence of such concrete evidence, the jury was left with a case of inferences.
"This was more a case of drawing inferences from Kharazi's body language".
If every strongly supported but aberrant gene tree is accepted, uncritically, as a case of gene transfer, inferences of HGT/EGT will become unfalsifiable hypotheses.
Take a case of simple, one-way inference (you know, the kind of basing foundationalists like): C is sufficiently warranted, you notice it implies D, and infer D from C. D becomes warranted (perhaps sufficiently so) by virtue of warrant transfer from C, but C's level of warrant is not thereby reduced (and certainly is not reduced by as much as D's level of warrant in increased).
This is another case of inference from the absence of a proof; a negative is proved, in effect, by the failure of a systematic attempt to prove the positive.
In the case of inference, it isn't sufficient that an agent use a reliable inferential process, i.e., one that usually carries true premises into true conclusions.
For example, in the case of inference of Boolean networks, the so-called sensitivity regularisation method has been proposed [ 64].
Figure 4 shows that this procedure will on average estimate the number of ancestries correctly, but the error rate is expected to be high for any single case of inference.
This is a case of conventional implicature rather than pragmatic inference.
Interestingly, a case of using test scores to draw inferences outside those covered by the test construct became apparent in this area as well.
We describe more details of this approach in Supplementary Section F. We start by considering a specific case of transcript inference to illustrate the limits of transcript identification from a single sample and to show how multiple samples can help identifying commonly expressed transcripts.
