That means the new dino's ornamentation is a case of independent evolutionary invention (also known as convergent evolution), the authors say.
Because these chemotypes are entirely genetically determined rather than plastic, this is clearly a case of an evolutionary response to changing climatic conditions.
Recognized by the retractable flap of skin under the throat and enlarged and sticky pads at the end of the toes, anoles have become a textbook case of evolutionary diversification.
In an oft-cited case of evolutionary selection at work, naturalists observed that peppered moths in Britain adapted to have black wings rather than their typical gray, to blend in with soot-darkened trees of the early 1800s.
For these particular lineages, we thus have a case of strong effect of past evolutionary events, as they seem to have ended up in an evolutionary trap without possibility of adaptation to their previous host N. tabacum.
In the case of evolutionary agent based models, a certain number of agents' characteristics are encoded in free parameters (an artificial genome) and optimized using techniques of evolutionary computation, such as genetic algorithms [ 26].
In the case of evolutionary algorithms, the concept of a local optimum is not easy to define, but it is known that GA populations, for example, commonly converge to fixed points or 'attractors'attractors
In the case of evolutionary modeling, one can make a distinction between the parameters of the model universe, invariant conditions that the system evolves to cope with, and those parameters that bear on the problem that is being studied, in our case mutational parameters.
Understanding the response to selection is particularly challenging in the case of evolutionary transitions in individuality, because these transitions involve a shift in the very units of selection.
No such progression of intermediate steps seems to be available for inspection in the case of evolutionary explanations of the instinct to make art.
In case of evolutionary algorithms, which are inherently parallel, this technology may be advantageous for running experiments demanding high computing time.
