Autophagy is initiated by a cascade of modification steps termed the ATG12 and LC3/Atg8-conjugation systems, leading to the formation of autophagosomes.
In bacteria, the linkage of input signals to output responses entails a cascade of protein modifications, basically of two modes: One-component and two-component systems (denominated as 1CST and 2CST, respectively).
The cytosolic protein KRAS requires a cascade of posttranslational modifications initiated by a CAAX motif, catalyzed by farnesyltransferase (FTase) in order to localize to the cell surface for normal function.
Degradation of collagen is mediated by a family of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), whose activity is regulated at multiple levels including synthesis, activation, activity inhibition (tissue MMP inhibitors) and synthesis of collagen involves a cascade of post-translational modification reactions leading to a mature, high tensile strength support structure.
As a consequence of increased AMP levels, reflecting low ATP availability and low energy reserve, AMPK is activated, resulting in a cascade of phosphorylation-dependent adaptive modifications of several factors, including PGC-1α, that ultimately determine the shutdown of anabolic, energy-consuming processes, whereas catabolic, energy-producing pathways, such as FAO and MRC, are switched on.
Signal transduction by TGFb involves a cascade of molecules resulting in modification of gene transcription to elicit the cellular response [reviewed in (8)].
Guillaume showed that after proliferating on the epithelial cell surface in the throat, Neisseria trigger a cascade of events involving post-translational modifications of its type IV pili leading to the detachment of individual bacteria from the microcolonies.
These studies also showed that eukaryotes possess a distinctive enzymatic apparatus for Ub-modification, comprised of a cascade of three enzymes: E1, E2 and E3.
A cascade of painful rejections began.
A cascade of charges followed.
