Whereas different methods such as Principle Components analysis, mixed effects models and phylogenetic convergence can be used to correct for population structure [ 11, 47- 51], adopting a careful sampling strategy can minimize the impact of - or even capitalize on - population structure.
MEF was obtained by tympanocentesis or by careful sampling of otorrhea through an existing perforation as a routine procedure performed by the ENT specialist.
Samples of MEF for all children were collected by an ENT specialist by tympanocentesis or by careful sampling of spontaneous otorrhea for children who had spontaneous/accidental rupture of the tympanic membrane.
In a prospective non-interventional study in German children between 3 months and less than 60 months of age with Ear, Nose and Throat Specialist –confirmed AOM, middle ear fluid was obtained by tympanocentesis (when clinically indicated) or by careful sampling of otorrhea through/at an existing perforation.
Samples of MEF from all children were collected by an ENT specialist by performing tympanocentesis or by careful sampling of spontaneous otorrhoea (removal and cleaning of the ear canal material and deep aspiration of the MEF material via needle insertion).
The study included children 3 to 59 months of age visiting Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) clinics for AOM, and from whom a middle ear fluid (MEF) sample was available either by tympanocentesis or careful sampling of spontaneous otorrhea which occurred less than 24 hours prior to the visit.
If the idea of placer gold in the Yukon had any merit, it could be investigated cautiously, through careful sampling of the gravel.
However, our confidence in this model would benefit from further consistent and careful sampling of polymorphism in the D. melanogaster genome, particularly on the autosomes.
These results highlight the need for careful sampling of respondents who complete each form of the instrument and assessment of trait-level differences prior to assessment of mode effects.
Strengths of our study include its careful sampling base of GP/FPs from across the province of BC, and its breadth and depth of scope.
