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Forest landscape models simulate forest change through time using spatially referenced data across a broad spatial scale (i.e. landscape scale) generally larger than a single forest stand.
In Bangladesh, there is also a broad spatial association between surface EM conductivity and major cation concentrations in shallow groundwater.
Identifying and prioritizing areas to meet the dual goals of ecosystem restoration and imperiled species conservation require a broad spatial approach that is analytically feasible but currently underutilized.
When applied across a broad spatial extent, intensive biomass production in forests, which support a large proportion of biodiversity, may alter species composition, nutrient cycling and subsequently biodiversity.
Surface water samples were collected from five stations during June 2014, to provide a broad spatial coverage of the bay and allow assessment of the water quality throughout the Bay.
Several different approaches of groundwater sampling (groundwater observation wells, temporary piezometers, and domestic wells) reveal a broad spatial heterogeneity of P concentrations in the subsurface catchment of the lake.
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The fitness of fish species both at the individual level (e.g. growth performance) and at population level (e.g. population structure) is determined by the connectivity of different habitat elements in a broad spatial-temporal context.
For example, when two images each show a character at the same narrative state, a viewer infers that they belong to a broader spatial environment.
In many cities, however, development of planned sites around transit stations has been close to non-existent, due to, among other reasons, a lack of coordination between transit investments and land use at a broader spatial scale.
If applied, degraded areas may provide opportunities to extend nature conservation strategies on a broader spatial scale, and they may serve as a buffer between protected areas and intensively used land.
For a broader spatial extent, Oh et al. (2014) analyzed drought characteristics over East Asia based on an effective drought index and found a seasonal pattern in which short-term (<200 days) droughts mainly occurred in spring and summer, whereas long-term droughts (>200 days) mainly started in autumn and winter.
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