The steeper decrease of linkage phases with physical distance between markers in the current study may relate to the smaller sample sizes but also to the fact that the lines in Experiment 1 were developed from rather broad based populations by pedigree breeding accompanied by selection for per se and testcross performance with emphasis on different adaptive traits (Wen et al. 2011).
These inbred lines were developed within the maize breeding program for Africa at the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) from eight bi-parental crosses of tropical inbred lines, four broad based populations, and 28 backcrosses involving temperate lines as donors of high β-carotene (Table 1).
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A broad-based population sample from each of these regions was studied using a variety of self-report questionnaires.
In high burden setting with a broad-based population pyramid, the number of cases in children less than 5 and 10 14-year 10 14-year age often higroupsharein the 5–9-year age groften 4, 24].
Therefore, we suggest that broad base populations derived from each of the distinct groups can be formed using combined criteria of SSR-based GD, TGD, grain yield, GCA and SCA.
However, surprisingly we also found some clusters with comparable proportions of the three populations, indicating a broad base of similarity between them.
Youthful populations are represented by pyramids with a broad base of young children and a narrow apex of older people, while older populations are characterized by more uniform numbers of people in the age categories.
The population pyramid that represents Stage 3 in the demographic transition has nearly vertical sides, with a broad base and relatively broad peak, reflecting reduced fertility, reduced childhood mortality, and increased survival; the older age categories make up a larger proportion of the population than in earlier stages, and the size of the population stabilizes.
