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In MIP, the MH sends a binding update message to its HA after handover into another FA.
In such a case, the MH sends a binding update messages to its HA and previous THA for THA handoff.
In such a case, the MH sends a binding update message to inform the THA of its new CoA.
Then, the MR of the CN replies with a binding update acknowledge (BACK) message to the MR of the MNN.
Route Optimization (ROMIP) [6] uses a binding update to inform a CN of the current IP address of the MN.
The HA sends a binding update message to the CN and then the CN replies with a binding acknowledgment message.
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At the same time, the gateway caches the binding relationship between the requested content name and the host identifier locally, so that when the Data is back, the gateway can return it to related MH using a latest locator, if a new binding update is received.
Upon the successful authentication by the HMAG j, the HMAG j registers the MN on the LMA by sending a Proxy Binding Update (PBU) including the MN-ID and the HMAG-ID.
When the LWT is triggered, the MR sends a fast binding update (FBU) message to the candidate ARs and performs the DAD procedure using the information of NB_ADV in the RA message before the handoff occurs.
In this way, the mMAG avoids an exchange of PBU/PBA messages for an MN binding update with the LMA, thereby reducing the initial MN attachment costs compared to other existing schemes.
In the MLMA, when the MH performs the handover from an access network through which the MH has established the active session, at AR1 collocated with LMA, to another access network, at AR2 which detects the attachment of the MH and sends an proxy binding update (PBU) packet to all ARs and GW in the network.
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