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In addition to challenging the "fair share" system, the plaintiffs are making a backup argument, also based on the 1st Amendment, that even if nonunion members must pay fees associated with collective bargaining, they may not be charged for the union's political activities unless they affirmatively "opt in" to making such payments.
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"Construing the commerce clause to permit Congress to regulate individuals precisely because they are doing nothing would open a new and potentially vast domain to congressional authority," Mr Roberts wrote.But the mandate, the chief justice explained as he sided with the president's backup argument, may be considered a tax on those without insurance, and Congress has the power to tax.
In other words, the backup argument to the argument that Boris Johnson is a clown is that he is not a clown.
The majority also rejected Altria's backup argument, that the Federal Trade Commission's policies and actions had pre-empted the plaintiffs' claims by implication.
Iowa has backup argument, one that channels Ebenezer Scrooge, the Dickensian character who, one may recall, declined to offer any Christmas assistance of meat, drink and warmth to the poor on grounds that there were workhouses available.
There's an argument for making a backup straight away, but I don't do this myself, and I suspect no one else does, either.
And a backup plan.
Tuck was a backup.
A backup singer?
Make him a backup?
■ A backup battery.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com