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However, uncaging glutamate on granule cells in pilocarpine-treated mice that survived SE resulted in a transient increase in EPSC frequency from a background frequency of 3.4±1.1 Hz to a peak frequency of 78.18±8.91 Hz 100 200 ms after uncaging (n = 11; Fig. 7B).
Mutant pollen grains (induced by environmental pollutants) are detectable above a background frequency of 5 or less in 10 5).
In the plants, there are 12 out of 91 (13%) against a background frequency of 0.64%, and in arthropods, there are 14 out of 44 (32%) against 2.98%.
To quantify the significance of cross-species differences, we considered a "background" frequency of substitution toward each pair of nonidentical nucleotides.
A log-odds matrix was constructed from the position weight matrix by using the base 2 logarithm of the ratio of frequencies at each matrix position against a background frequency of 0.25 for each nucleotide.
In the genome sets, we found the same phenomenon: among human genes with start codon introns, there are 12.6% proteins marked "ribosomal" against a background frequency of 1.6%; in mouse, the frequencies are 15.1% against 1.3%, and in fly 15.5% against 1.7%.
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Sample size calculations were performed assuming that a 10% background frequency of an HLA allele would provide 80% power (α =.05) to detect an odds ratio (OR) of 3.0 (and 90% power to detect an OR of 3.4).
Visualisation, calculation of a background frequency corrected sequence logo, and calculation of amino acid conservation was done using LaTeX and TEXshade [ 100].
Due to the heterogeneous nature of the viral population, even samples from untreated mice contain a measureable background frequency of guanidine-resistant variants.
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The majority of 4OHT-responsive NEIE clones revealed a persistently low background frequency of GFP+ events, while none of the 4OHT-responsive NIE or NIE2 clones showed this pattern.
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