Bonaventure agrees, but adds the following qualification: "one must understand that an affirmative proposition makes a two-fold assertion, one which asserts the predicate of the subject, and the other which asserts that the proposition is true … Contradiction is concerned with the first type of assertion, not the second.
As we shall see, Jones does not depart from Lotze's austere conception of logical form: an affirmative proposition S is P states an identity, and is true just in case the extension of S = the extension of P.
This obviously implies that an affirmative proposition is true if and only if its extremes have personal supposition for the same thing or things.
In Paul's opinion, a true affirmative proposition signifies a molecular truth, that is a complex reality which is part of the whole reality (the esse reale of the Summa philosophiae naturalis see below) of a finite corporeal being.
The confused suppositions are so called since they involve many different individuals, and this is the case for the subject of a universal affirmative proposition (De logica, chap. 12, pp. 39 40).
As Leibniz puts it in a letter to Arnauld, "in every true affirmative proposition, whether necessary or contingent, universal or particular, the notion of the predicate is in some way included in that of the subject.
A further development of Leibniz's views, revealed in a text written in 1686 but long unpublished, was his generalization concerning propositions that in every true affirmative proposition, whether necessary or contingent, the predicate is contained in the notion of the subject.
Chatton's notion of "thing" in scientific knowledge was the state of affairs signified by both the negative and the affirmative proposition.
Or, as Stout writes in his Preface to Jones (1911), "every affirmative proposition asserts, and every negative proposition denies, the union of different attributes within the unity of the same thing" (Stout 1911, v).
An affirmative proposition is true just in case that the thing or things denoted by the subject term are in the class of things denoted by the predicate term; otherwise it is false.
