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MAZ (MYC-associated zinc finger protein (purine-binding transcription factor)), also known as ZF87 and Cys2His2-type zinc finger transcription factor serum amyloid A activating factor 1 [200], has been previously implicated in Alzheimer's disease [201] and as a blood biomarker in schizophrenia [202].
We have previously shown that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in triple negative breast cancer cells is regulated, at least in part, by SAF-1 (serum amyloid A activating factor 1) transcription factor.
Recently, we reported a novel mechanism of VEGF induction in aggressive triple negative breast cancer cells by transcription factor serum amyloid A activating factor 1 (SAF-1) 14 which belongs to the family of Cys2-His2 type zinc finger and binds to the VEGF proximal promoter region that overlaps the Sp1-binding site.
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Besides these direct effects on the tumor cells, recent studies classify GM-CSF as an activating factor for a tumor supporting stroma, indicating an additional level at which GM-CSF promotes tumor progression and metastasis 5, 9, 15, 16, 22.
This raises the possibility that CXCL10 serves as an activating factor for NK cells, independent of its role as a chemotactic agent.
This process is very slow and the observed rate of activation was inconsistent with the growth rate of Escherichia coli suggesting the presence of an activating factor.
HNE exerts its pro-fibrogenic action only on fully activated human HSC/MFs [ 21, 189] and, even more relevant, does not apparently act as an activating factor for rat HSCs early in primary culture [ 333].
Such an activating factor was recently identified independently as PanZ in E. coli [9] and PanM in Salmonella enterica [10], a putative acyl transferase essential for pantothenate biosynthesis in these organisms as mutation of the gene leads to pantothenate auxotrophy.
The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was inhibited in the presence of HDL (Fig. 5A) suggesting that they were induced by a similar activating factor as the one inducing IL-1β production.
This suggests that this element could be the binding site for a limited activating factor.
In other experiments, cell impermeable PE, Cyclooxygenase-inhibitors (Col) (indomethacine, acetyl-salicylic acid) and a platelet activating factor (PAF -antagonist, were added to LPAF -antagonistMVEC.
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