For example, family-based studies or research in collaboration with rare disease organizations confer a stronger obligation for return of results, whereas secondary analysis of research data or biobanking studies may represent a weaker obligation [ 12].
The continuum runs from strict obligation (grounded in the core norms of beneficence in ordinary morality) through weaker obligations (the outer periphery of ordinary expectations of persons, such as great conscientiousness in attending to a friend's welfare) and on to the domain of the morally nonrequired and exceptionally virtuous.
That despair rises from disparity is a theme as old as history, and that the duty of the strong is to help the weak is an obligation as rooted as morality itself.
"Obligations" is actually a weak term, for the obligations of which we are speaking are part of the social contract around which millions of people have built their lives.
That is, one may grant that we can have obligations to institutions, including the state, yet hold that these obligations are "too weak to function as prima facie political obligations in the usual sense," for they "would be overridden frequently, not just in unusual circumstances" (Klosko 1989, p. 355).
Like many states and cities in these hard economic times, Central Falls — population: 19,000 — was caught short by hefty pension obligations and weak tax revenue.
As with should in English, the modal force of obligation is weaker than with must.
Hawkins recognizes the difference between what she calls an "easy rescue" and one that requires greater effort, risk and specialized skills, the latter obligation being weaker, accordingly [ 19].
Some are weak, such as the notorious obligation to stop at a traffic signal when no one else is around, and others are quite strong.
