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The comparison of validity terms showed that two of these five studies included a validity term in the title [ 23, 26], and two studies had a validity term in the abstract [ 22, 25].
The most frequent validity term used by authors was "accuracy", "accurate" (3/38 titles, 10/37 abstracts).
Predictive Value of Tests was the next most frequently assigned validity term by NLM indexers (6/29 MEDLINE studies).
For instance, Kristiansson et al. [ 24] did not use a validity term in either title or abstract and did not provide Author Keywords pertaining to validity.
Three studies, published after 1996, generated Keywords Plus from the references cited by the authors, but only one study included a validity term [ 22].
The study by Kristiansson et al. [ 24] did not provide a validity term in either title or abstract, but PubMed and MANTIS indexed validity terms for this study.
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Fortunately, using validity assessment terms was productive because authors and indexers used these terms more often than just validity terms.
Consequently, indexers are at a loss which validity terms to use.
CINAHL indexed two of the five studies with validity terms [ 23, 25].
Instead, CINAHL indexed 10/13 studies using various validity terms from the extensive list of validity indexing terms available in the CINAHL thesaurus.
This study shows that CINAHL indexers did not use all the validity terms available in their thesaurus.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com