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The questionnaire's preliminary versions were developed according to the standard stages of questionnaire validation [ 20, 21], including evaluation of content validity, item clarity and construct validity [ 15].
Content validity, item reliability (test retest, item-total correlation, item difficulty) and test reliability (internal consistency) were established.
Pilot studies with early experimental prototypes of the POSHA S are summarized that relate to questionnaire rating scale prototypes, test retest reliability, construct validity, item analysis and final item selection, translation to other languages, internal consistency, sampling procedures, manner of administration, and sample size.
Box H, criterion validity item 4, states can the criterion used is considered as a reasonable gold standard?
For instance, in the case of a specific validity item, a minimum level of a particular statistical measure (i.e. correlation statistic) may be determined in order to provide a more specific representation of test quality.
Of the four items on which participants' responses were statistically not significant (p > 0.05), three were in the factor of extrinsic motivation (Item 12, 13. 14) while the other one in the factor of face validity (Item 8, see Table 3).
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To ensure content validity, items previously validated in the literature were used to operationalize the study's constructs.
The scale was composed of 20 items related to information reporting (items 1 to 9), external validity (items 10 and 11), internal validity (items 12 to 15), and selection bias (items 16 to 20).
A lack of information on internal validity items, such as the representativeness of the study group, duration of follow-up, blind assessment of the outcome and adjustment for other factors could have led to invalid results.
A lack of information on external validity items and well-defined outcomes can lead to difficulties in extrapolating the results of a study to other MO-patients with forearm deformities.
The CTQ-SF has 25 clinical questions and three validity items.
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