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The majority of the interviews were carried out in the clinic which gave a solid frame of reference for understanding and validating the comprehension of the interviewees' life world and example.
The most recent attempt was made by Wang (2012) who investigated the ways to develop and validate descriptors for language comprehension, i.e., listening and reading, for Chinese learners of English.
To make sure that all instances of second-order comprehension are validated in the model, we must require that each $D^n_2 $contains all sets of $n$-tuples of members of $D$ that are definable by a formula $A$ of the language.
The survey — consisting of 15 questions pertaining to socio-demographic variables, frequency of TM use, pattern of use, perception of TM, and triggers for TM use — was first validated for feasibility and comprehension.
The TOFHLA was chosen as the standard against which the NVS-UK would be validated as it tests comprehension, is an accepted standard test for health literacy [ 5] and was the standard against which the original US version of the NVS was validated [ 20].
A study conducted by Cadime and colleagues (2013) assessed the construct validity of a reading comprehension test for Portuguese students in the second to fourth grades also validated this hypothesis.
Our objective was to develop and validate a survey to assess comprehension of CPR among ICU patients and surrogate decision-makers.
"Validating!" Brown grins.
Notice that our main objective is to validate the proposed technique considering a realistic scenario while, at the same time, keeping its complexity under reasonable terms, hence simplifying the validation process and facilitating the comprehension of the results.
The final question of the comprehension test was used to validate the subject's task.
Previous readability assessments of dental practice leaflets have reported the reverse finding and attributed to this to the higher level of comprehension that is required to validate the SMOG test resulting in a higher score [16].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com