Most importantly, a substantial proportion of the children younger than 7 years was able to make a valid anxiety-related interpretation of a physical symptom, but very few were capable of making an internal attribution.
More precisely, 69.4% of the 4- to 6-year-olds made a valid anxiety-related interpretation of at least one physical symptom, and this percentage further increased among 7- to 9- (82.9%) and 10- to 13-year-olds (95.4%) [ 11– 13].
Further, while a substantial proportion of the younger children (i.e., <7 years) were able to make a valid anxiety-related interpretation of a physical symptom, very few were capable of making an internal attribution, which means that children of this age lack the developmental prerequisites for applying physical symptoms-based theories of childhood anxiety.
The commonly used reliable and valid Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [ 18] was used to confirm depression symptoms on a 7-item five-point scale (0 4) [ 19].
This is the shortest valid maths anxiety scale – with only 9 items, using a 5-point scale and, as mentioned earlier, has been shown to be just as effective as the longer MARS [ 22, 41] (internal consistency: α = .90; two-week test-retest reliability: r = .85; convergent validity of AMAS and MARS-R r = .85).85
In conclusion, the German SCARED is a valid and reliable anxiety scale and may be used in a clinical setting Anxiety disorders are a widespread phenomenon in children and adolescents [ 1- 3].
In summary, the gerbil elevated plus-maze appears to be a valid model of anxiety and neophobia for detecting anxiolytic and anxiogenic drugs, similar to other anxiety models in gerbils (Ballard et al. 2001; File et al. 2001).
Although we used a reliable and valid measure of anxiety and depression, our measure was not a clinical diagnosis of a generalized anxiety and depression disorder.
There are multiple, valid types of anxiety disorders, ranging from obsessive-compulsive disorder to specific phobias.
