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Provisional that no further gene copies are found once their entire genomes are completely sequenced, these species may represent the ancestral state of the deutrostome/chordate miRNA pathway which subsequently underwent specialization via gene duplications in early vertebrates.
cinerea, S. sclerotiorum and M. oryzae) containing signatures of CpT bias possessed a specific motif, suggesting that the RID gene in these three species underwent specialization to recognize this target.
In order to reconcile these two observations, we propose that the Gal-1A and Gal-1B homologs in the sauropsid lineage underwent "specialization," a process that involves both neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization of duplicated paralogs (Conrad and Antonarakis 2007; Innan 2009; Assis and Bachtrog 2013).
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They have undergone specialization paralleling the diversity found in jaw teeth of other fishes.
As the cone photoreceptors migrate toward the fovea, they also undergo specialization, which involves lengthening of the outer segment.
As pointed out previously (Jones et al. 2013), bats perceive the world using a range of sensory mechanisms, some of which have undergone specialization (Altringham and Fenton 2003).
Interviewers were trained medical doctors undergoing specialization to become obstetricians, with sufficient technical ability to distinguish induced abortions, stillbirths, and miscarriages.
Altogether, the tissue distribution of the three zebrafish nme2 genes suggests that nme2a and nme2b genes have undergone specialization after duplication of a common ancestor nme2 gene [ 43].
Nonetheless, placing differences in expression patterns, pigment binding, and differential physical associations among LHCs in a phylogenetic context, it is apparent that individual subfamilies have undergone specialization (See Additional File 3, Supplementary Information).
GAL1 and GAL3 have not only undergone specialization in their coding sequence but also in their promoters: While GAL1 has maintained four Gal4-binding sites, only one remains in GAL3 (Hittinger & Carroll, 2007).
The relative contributions of subfunctionalization and specialization or neofunctionalization to gene family evolution are open questions [ 56, 57], and it is unclear that there is any reason why the large subunit would be more likely to undergo specialization at either the protein or gene expression level.
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